Areas of Knowledge/Ability

In language teaching, the focus is not only on the acquisition of grammar and vocabulary but also on the development of various areas of knowledge and ability related to language. Kumaravadivelu identifies six areas of knowledge/ability: organizational, grammatical, textual, pragmatic, functional, and sociolinguistic knowledge.
Organizational knowledge refers to the ability to organize and sequence ideas, information, and discourse according to different rhetorical patterns and communicative purposes. It includes the knowledge of discourse markers, cohesive devices, and strategies for effective communication.
Grammatical knowledge is the knowledge of grammar rules, structures, and forms. It includes the ability to recognize and produce grammatically correct sentences, use appropriate tenses, pronouns, prepositions, and syntax.
Textual knowledge is the ability to recognize and produce different types of texts such as narratives, expository texts, and argumentative texts. It includes the knowledge of text structure, organization, and cohesion.
Pragmatic knowledge refers to the ability to use language appropriately in social situations. It includes the knowledge of speech acts, politeness, and appropriateness in different communicative contexts.
Functional knowledge is the ability to use language for specific purposes such as giving directions, making requests, and expressing opinions. It includes the knowledge of language functions, formulaic expressions, and genres.
Sociolinguistic knowledge is the ability to use language appropriately in different social contexts and with different interlocutors. It includes the knowledge of dialects, registers, and sociocultural norms.
Developing these areas of knowledge and ability is crucial for effective language use and communication in real-life situations. Teachers need to design activities and tasks that enable learners to develop these areas of language competence.